Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a relatively recently characterized autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that presents with a range of clinical symptoms, often leading to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis [Banwell, 2023]. In this case-based module, we will explore the distinctiveness of MOGAD compared to multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), discuss the unmet medical needs of patients with MOGAD, understand the burden of the disease and disability impact accruing at each attack, review diagnostic criteria and approaches, and delve into the pathophysiology and role of pathogenic antibodies in MOGAD.