How do children learn to explain, argue and form their own opinion?

I am currently conducting a study on how middle and high school students learn to explain their reasoning, defend a point of view, verify information and speak up.
The goal is to better understand the situations actually encountered by families.
This is neither a test of your child, nor a commercial approach.

Duration: about 5 minutes.

Your child is currently in:

Over the past 30 days, have you seen your child faced with any of these situations?

Explaining how they arrived at an answer

Justifying their opinion

Giving a presentation or speaking in front of others

Defending an idea when someone disagreed with them

Checking whether information was true or reliable

Comparing different sources or explanations

Using an AI tool such as ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, or another tool for schoolwork

Discussing a topic where different points of view were possible

I don’t remember any situation like this

Other situations you would like to share

Think of the most recent situation of this type. What happened?

In this situation, what seemed most difficult for your child?

Explaining why they thought that

Finding examples or evidence

Checking if information was reliable

Distinguishing fact from opinion

Responding to an objection

Considering someone else's point of view

Nuancing their answer

Recognizing they could be wrong or changing their mind

Finding the right words

Speaking clearly and confidently

Listening and reformulating what the other person said

None of these seemed difficult

How often do you observe this type of difficulty?

Never or almost never

Less than once a month

One to three times a month

Several times a week

The last time it happened, what were the consequences?

They asked a parent for help

They gave up or avoided the task

The work took a lot of time

It caused frustration

It caused a disagreement or tension

It impacted a grade or evaluation

They looked for an answer directly on the Internet

They asked an AI for the answer

They managed to solve the difficulty on their own

There was no particular consequence

Have you ever tried anything to help them with these topics?

Family discussions or debates

Public speaking classes

Extracurricular activity

Videos or Internet resources

Artificial intelligence

We haven't tried anything special

Of what you've tried, what really helped? What didn't work?

Over the past 12 months, have you paid for an activity or support aimed at your child's confidence, public speaking, reasoning, or school success?

Yes, less than €50

Yes, between €50 and €200

Yes, between €200 and €500

Yes, more than €500

I prefer not to answer

Among the following topics, which currently concern you the most for your child?

Academic performance

Organization and independence

Ability to explain their ideas clearly

Ability to build and defend an argument

Ability to check whether information is reliable

Ability to think for themselves

Responsible use of the Internet and AI

Relationships with others

Future study and career choices

If, in six months, you saw real progress on just one of these topics, what concrete change would you like to see in your child?

When they use AI to learn or work, do you know mainly what for?

Understanding a concept

Summarizing information

Correcting or rephrasing a text

Practicing with exercises

Getting a direct answer to an assignment or homework question

Discussing or debating an idea